What is the effect of criticism as one of the "four horsemen"?

Criticism, as one of the "four horsemen," typically results in creating feelings of defensiveness. This occurs when individuals feel attacked or judged, which can incite a protective response rather than fostering open communication. When someone is criticized, they may become defensive, leading to a breakdown in productive dialogue. The focus shifts from addressing the issue to defending oneself, often escalating tension rather than resolving conflict.

In contrast, a stronger bond, productive conflict resolution, or encouraging vulnerability and honesty are generally outcomes associated with supportive communication behaviors, rather than criticism. When criticism enters the conversation, it undermines these positive communication strategies, making defensiveness a prevalent and common reaction.